# PHASE 4: VOICE & VIDEO CALLS - DOCUMENTATION

## Overview

Phase 4 implements WebRTC-based voice and video calling with support for:
- 1-on-1 audio and video calls
- Group calls with up to 20 participants
- Screen sharing
- TURN/STUN servers for NAT traversal
- Real-time media controls (mute, video toggle)
- Connection quality monitoring
- Call recording support (infrastructure)

## Architecture

### WebRTC Topology

**1-on-1 Calls**: Mesh topology with direct peer-to-peer connections
**Group Calls**: SFU (Selective Forwarding Unit) using Mediasoup (placeholder for future implementation)

### Components

```
┌─────────────┐         ┌─────────────┐         ┌─────────────┐
│   Client A  │◄───────►│   Server    │◄───────►│   Client B  │
│  (Browser)  │  WebRTC │  Socket.io  │  WebRTC │  (Browser)  │
│             │ Signals │  Signaling  │ Signals │             │
└─────────────┘         └─────────────┘         └─────────────┘
       ▲                       │                        ▲
       │                       │                        │
       │            ┌──────────▼──────────┐            │
       └───────────►│   TURN/STUN Server  │◄───────────┘
                    │  (NAT Traversal)    │
                    └─────────────────────┘
```

## Database Schema

### Calls Table

```sql
CREATE TABLE calls (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  conversation_id UUID NOT NULL REFERENCES conversations(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  type VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'audio', -- 'audio', 'video', 'screen'
  status VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'initiated',
  -- Status: 'initiated', 'ringing', 'active', 'ended', 'missed', 'rejected', 'failed'
  initiated_by UUID NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  started_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
  ended_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
  duration_seconds INTEGER,
  end_reason VARCHAR(50),
  sfu_room_id VARCHAR(255),
  recording_url TEXT,
  quality_stats JSONB,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);
```

### Call Participants Table

```sql
CREATE TABLE call_participants (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  call_id UUID NOT NULL REFERENCES calls(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  user_id UUID NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  status VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'invited',
  -- Status: 'invited', 'ringing', 'joined', 'left', 'rejected', 'missed'
  joined_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
  left_at TIMESTAMPTZ,
  ice_candidates JSONB,
  media_state JSONB DEFAULT '{"audioEnabled": true, "videoEnabled": true, "screenSharing": false}',
  media_stats JSONB,
  connection_quality VARCHAR(20),
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW(),
  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);
```

### TURN Credentials Table

```sql
CREATE TABLE turn_credentials (
  id UUID PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT gen_random_uuid(),
  user_id UUID NOT NULL REFERENCES users(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
  username VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  credential VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
  expires_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL,
  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ DEFAULT NOW()
);

-- Auto-cleanup function
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION cleanup_expired_turn_credentials()
RETURNS void AS $$
BEGIN
  DELETE FROM turn_credentials WHERE expires_at < NOW();
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
```

## API Endpoints

### 1. POST `/api/calls/initiate`

Initiate a new call.

**Request:**
```json
{
  "conversationId": "uuid",
  "type": "video", // or "audio"
  "participantIds": ["uuid1", "uuid2"]
}
```

**Response:**
```json
{
  "callId": "uuid",
  "status": "initiated",
  "participants": [
    {
      "userId": "uuid",
      "userName": "John Doe",
      "userIdentifier": "john@example.com",
      "status": "invited"
    }
  ]
}
```

### 2. POST `/api/calls/:callId/answer`

Answer an incoming call.

**Response:**
```json
{
  "callId": "uuid",
  "status": "active",
  "startedAt": "2025-01-10T14:30:00Z"
}
```

### 3. POST `/api/calls/:callId/reject`

Reject an incoming call.

**Response:**
```json
{
  "callId": "uuid",
  "status": "rejected"
}
```

### 4. POST `/api/calls/:callId/end`

End an active call.

**Response:**
```json
{
  "callId": "uuid",
  "status": "ended",
  "duration": 120,
  "endReason": "ended-by-user"
}
```

### 5. PATCH `/api/calls/:callId/media`

Update media state (mute/unmute, video on/off).

**Request:**
```json
{
  "audioEnabled": true,
  "videoEnabled": false,
  "screenSharing": false
}
```

**Response:**
```json
{
  "success": true,
  "mediaState": {
    "audioEnabled": true,
    "videoEnabled": false,
    "screenSharing": false
  }
}
```

### 6. GET `/api/calls/turn-credentials`

Get temporary TURN server credentials.

**Response:**
```json
{
  "credentials": {
    "urls": ["turn:turn.example.com:3478"],
    "username": "1736517600:username",
    "credential": "hmac-sha1-hash"
  },
  "expiresAt": "2025-01-11T14:00:00Z"
}
```

### 7. GET `/api/calls/:callId`

Get call details.

**Response:**
```json
{
  "call": {
    "id": "uuid",
    "conversationId": "uuid",
    "type": "video",
    "status": "active",
    "initiatedBy": "uuid",
    "startedAt": "2025-01-10T14:30:00Z",
    "participants": [...]
  }
}
```

## WebSocket Events

### Client → Server

#### `call:offer`
Send WebRTC offer to peer.

```javascript
socket.emit('call:offer', {
  callId: 'uuid',
  targetUserId: 'uuid',
  offer: RTCSessionDescription
});
```

#### `call:answer`
Send WebRTC answer to peer.

```javascript
socket.emit('call:answer', {
  callId: 'uuid',
  targetUserId: 'uuid',
  answer: RTCSessionDescription
});
```

#### `call:ice-candidate`
Send ICE candidate to peer.

```javascript
socket.emit('call:ice-candidate', {
  callId: 'uuid',
  targetUserId: 'uuid',
  candidate: RTCIceCandidate
});
```

### Server → Client

#### `call:incoming`
Notify user of incoming call.

```javascript
socket.on('call:incoming', (data) => {
  // data: { callId, conversationId, type, initiatedBy, participants }
});
```

#### `call:offer`
Receive WebRTC offer from peer.

```javascript
socket.on('call:offer', (data) => {
  // data: { callId, fromUserId, offer }
});
```

#### `call:answer`
Receive WebRTC answer from peer.

```javascript
socket.on('call:answer', (data) => {
  // data: { callId, fromUserId, answer }
});
```

#### `call:ice-candidate`
Receive ICE candidate from peer.

```javascript
socket.on('call:ice-candidate', (data) => {
  // data: { callId, fromUserId, candidate }
});
```

#### `call:ended`
Notify that call has ended.

```javascript
socket.on('call:ended', (data) => {
  // data: { callId, reason, endedBy }
});
```

#### `call:participant-joined`
Notify that participant joined group call.

```javascript
socket.on('call:participant-joined', (data) => {
  // data: { callId, userId, userName, userIdentifier }
});
```

#### `call:participant-left`
Notify that participant left group call.

```javascript
socket.on('call:participant-left', (data) => {
  // data: { callId, userId }
});
```

#### `call:media-state-changed`
Notify that participant's media state changed.

```javascript
socket.on('call:media-state-changed', (data) => {
  // data: { callId, userId, mediaState }
});
```

## Frontend Integration

### WebRTC Manager Usage

```javascript
import WebRTCManager from './utils/webrtc';

// Initialize
const webrtcManager = new WebRTCManager(socket);

// Set TURN credentials
const turnCreds = await fetch('/api/calls/turn-credentials');
await webrtcManager.setTurnCredentials(turnCreds.credentials);

// Get local media stream
const localStream = await webrtcManager.initializeLocalStream(true, true);
localVideoRef.current.srcObject = localStream;

// Setup event handlers
webrtcManager.onRemoteStream = (userId, stream) => {
  remoteVideoRef.current.srcObject = stream;
};

// Initiate call
webrtcManager.currentCallId = callId;
webrtcManager.isInitiator = true;
await webrtcManager.initiateCallToUser(targetUserId);

// Toggle audio/video
webrtcManager.toggleAudio(false); // mute
webrtcManager.toggleVideo(false); // video off

// Screen sharing
await webrtcManager.startScreenShare();
webrtcManager.stopScreenShare();

// Cleanup
webrtcManager.cleanup();
```

### Call Component Usage

```javascript
import Call from './components/Call';

function App() {
  const [showCall, setShowCall] = useState(false);
  
  return (
    <div>
      {showCall && (
        <Call
          socket={socket}
          conversationId="uuid"
          participants={[
            { userId: 'uuid', userName: 'John Doe' }
          ]}
          onCallEnd={(data) => {
            console.log('Call ended:', data);
            setShowCall(false);
          }}
        />
      )}
    </div>
  );
}
```

## TURN Server Setup (Coturn)

### Installation

```bash
# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install coturn

# Enable service
sudo systemctl enable coturn
```

### Configuration

Edit `/etc/turnserver.conf`:

```conf
# Listening port
listening-port=3478
tls-listening-port=5349

# External IP (replace with your server IP)
external-ip=YOUR_SERVER_IP

# Relay IPs
relay-ip=YOUR_SERVER_IP

# Realm
realm=turn.yourdomain.com

# Authentication
use-auth-secret
static-auth-secret=YOUR_TURN_SECRET

# Logging
verbose
log-file=/var/log/turnserver.log

# Security
no-multicast-peers
no-cli
no-loopback-peers
no-tlsv1
no-tlsv1_1

# Quotas
max-bps=1000000
user-quota=12
total-quota=1200
```

### Environment Variables

Add to `.env`:

```env
# TURN Server Configuration
TURN_SERVER_HOST=turn.yourdomain.com
TURN_SERVER_PORT=3478
TURN_SECRET=your-turn-secret-key
TURN_TTL=86400
```

### Firewall Rules

```bash
# Allow TURN ports
sudo ufw allow 3478/tcp
sudo ufw allow 3478/udp
sudo ufw allow 5349/tcp
sudo ufw allow 5349/udp

# Allow UDP relay ports
sudo ufw allow 49152:65535/udp
```

### Start Service

```bash
sudo systemctl start coturn
sudo systemctl status coturn
```

### Testing TURN Server

Use the [Trickle ICE](https://webrtc.github.io/samples/src/content/peerconnection/trickle-ice/) test page:

1. Add your TURN server URL: `turn:YOUR_SERVER_IP:3478`
2. Generate TURN credentials using the HMAC method
3. Click "Gather candidates"
4. Verify `relay` candidates appear

## Media Codecs

### Audio
- **Codec**: Opus
- **Sample Rate**: 48kHz
- **Bitrate**: 32-128 kbps (adaptive)
- **Features**: Echo cancellation, noise suppression, auto gain control

### Video
- **Codecs**: VP8, VP9, H.264 (fallback)
- **Clock Rate**: 90kHz
- **Resolutions**: 
  - 1280x720 (HD) - default
  - 640x480 (SD) - low bandwidth
  - 320x240 (LD) - very low bandwidth
- **Frame Rate**: 30 fps (ideal), 15-60 fps range
- **Bitrate**: 500kbps-2Mbps (adaptive)

## Connection Quality Monitoring

The system monitors connection quality based on:

1. **Round Trip Time (RTT)**
   - Good: < 100ms
   - Fair: 100-300ms
   - Poor: > 300ms

2. **Packet Loss**
   - Good: < 2%
   - Fair: 2-5%
   - Poor: > 5%

3. **Available Bitrate**
   - Good: > 500kbps
   - Fair: 200-500kbps
   - Poor: < 200kbps

Quality is checked every 3 seconds and displayed to users.

## Error Handling

### Common Errors

1. **Media Access Denied**
   ```
   Failed to access camera/microphone: NotAllowedError
   ```
   - User denied browser permission
   - Solution: Request permission again, show help dialog

2. **ICE Connection Failed**
   ```
   Connection failed with user: ICE connection failed
   ```
   - NAT/firewall blocking connection
   - Solution: Ensure TURN server is configured and reachable

3. **Peer Connection Closed**
   ```
   Connection closed with user: Connection lost
   ```
   - Network interruption or user disconnected
   - Solution: Notify user, attempt reconnection

4. **Turn Credentials Expired**
   ```
   TURN credentials expired
   ```
   - Credentials have 24-hour TTL
   - Solution: Fetch new credentials automatically

## Security Considerations

1. **TURN Authentication**: Time-limited credentials using HMAC-SHA1
2. **DTLS**: WebRTC encrypts all media streams with DTLS-SRTP
3. **JWT Auth**: All API calls require valid JWT token
4. **Rate Limiting**: Protect against DoS attacks
5. **User Verification**: Verify users are in conversation before allowing calls

## Testing Checklist

- [ ] 1-on-1 audio call works
- [ ] 1-on-1 video call works
- [ ] Mute/unmute audio works
- [ ] Toggle video on/off works
- [ ] Screen sharing works
- [ ] Call can be answered
- [ ] Call can be rejected
- [ ] Call can be ended
- [ ] Connection quality indicator updates
- [ ] Call duration displays correctly
- [ ] Multiple participants can join (group call)
- [ ] Participant joins/leaves notifications work
- [ ] Media state changes propagate
- [ ] TURN server fallback works (test behind NAT)
- [ ] Call persists after page refresh (reconnection)
- [ ] Missed call notifications work
- [ ] Call history is recorded

## Performance Optimization

### Bandwidth Usage

**Audio Only (per participant)**:
- Opus @ 32kbps: ~15 MB/hour
- Opus @ 64kbps: ~30 MB/hour

**Video + Audio (per participant)**:
- 480p @ 500kbps: ~225 MB/hour
- 720p @ 1Mbps: ~450 MB/hour
- 1080p @ 2Mbps: ~900 MB/hour

### Recommendations

1. **Start with audio only** for low bandwidth users
2. **Use VP9** if supported (better compression than VP8)
3. **Enable simulcast** for group calls (SFU)
4. **Adaptive bitrate** based on network conditions
5. **Limit group calls** to 20 participants max

## Future Enhancements

- [ ] **Mediasoup SFU**: Implement actual SFU for efficient group calls
- [ ] **Call Recording**: Record and store calls in cloud storage
- [ ] **Background Blur**: Virtual backgrounds using ML
- [ ] **Noise Cancellation**: Advanced audio processing
- [ ] **Grid/Speaker View**: Different layouts for group calls
- [ ] **Reactions**: Emoji reactions during calls
- [ ] **Hand Raise**: Signal to speak in large calls
- [ ] **Breakout Rooms**: Split large calls into smaller groups
- [ ] **Call Scheduling**: Schedule calls in advance
- [ ] **Call Analytics**: Detailed quality metrics and reports

## Troubleshooting

### No Audio/Video

1. Check browser permissions
2. Verify camera/microphone is not used by another app
3. Test with `navigator.mediaDevices.enumerateDevices()`
4. Check browser console for errors

### Connection Fails

1. Test TURN server with Trickle ICE
2. Verify firewall allows UDP ports 49152-65535
3. Check TURN credentials are not expired
4. Ensure both users are online

### Poor Quality

1. Check network bandwidth
2. Monitor packet loss and RTT
3. Reduce video resolution
4. Switch to audio-only mode

### Echo/Feedback

1. Ensure `echoCancellation: true` in audio constraints
2. Use headphones instead of speakers
3. Reduce microphone gain
4. Check for multiple audio sources

## Support

For issues or questions:
- Check logs in browser console
- Review `/var/log/turnserver.log` for TURN issues
- Monitor backend logs for signaling errors
- Test with multiple browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari)

---

**Phase 4 Complete** ✓